The British ICE corpus (ICE-GB) shows that now normally functions as either time adjunct or conjunct in Standard English, and never as subjunct. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the author. This paper describes and analyses the phenomenon of consonant cluster simplification in the English of two native Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong. For example, the Krio connection accounts for some striking similarities between Nigerian, Sierra Leonean and Gambian Englishes despite the wide geographical distance between them. Countries along the cycle: case studies 6. Below I have embedded a multimedia presentation which explains how this text can also be viewed from a post colonial perspective. The argument put forward in this paper is that in a multilingual and multicultural society such as Singapore, the ability to code-switch is an important tool for the child in the learning process. Not only do they vary in overall frequency of use in all categories, with XhE speakers using fewer intensifiers, but the XhE speakers also draw from a smaller lexical range, which suggests a process of lexical focusing. The EIF is a flexible model that attempts to incorporate the linguistic, social, and historico-political development of English(es) in both postcolonial and non-postcolonial settings: thus addressing the main problem that variety development has heretofore not been systematically analyzed in Expanding Circle contexts. While World Englishes (WEs) studies have been charted in Applied Linguistics and English Language Education research, WEs awareness is an area underexplored (Ahn, 2014, 2015). The Dynamic Model of the evolution of New Englishes, which builds upon the mutual identity definitions by the parties involved in a colonization process and describes five consecutive phases of evolution, is sketched briefly. The teacher’s This chapter discusses the categorization of Asian English varieties in terms of linguistic features. Included are items that have appeared in print at least three times within eight years. Critical Discourse Analysis of the Character of Caliban by Post-colonial Critics: A Post-colonial Scrutiny International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL) Page | 36 2. The chapter explores the notion of vernacular universals across Asian English varieties. 7 Two halves of the anglophone world. Re-gardless of disagreements we may have about what counts, or does not count,as a PC, we certainly have fewer disagreements about this restricted set, onwhich I base my discussion below. This field has given rise to a great range of theoretical ideas, concepts, problems and debates, and these have been addressed The evolution of postcolonial English: the dynamic model 4. In terms of Kachru's (1985) Three Circles model, Brunei can confidently be placed within the "Outer Circle," since English has retained intranational roles and functions as a second language, especially in the education system. While most descriptions of IE have focused on the English of speakers whose first languages belong to the Indo-Aryan or Dravidian families, in this study, I examine the phonetic and phonological characteristics of the English produced by speakers of three Indian L1s from the Tibeto-Burman language family (Angami, Ao, and Mizo). Post colonialism literature is the literature by people from formerly colonized countries. de Spanish Drama Corpora (DraCor). Some of the differences are explained in terms of settlement history and language contact; others are not so easily explained and are presented as a challenge for future research. The paper analyzes the post-colonial literature that developed after the end of the colonial period in the mid-twentieth century when a significant number of European StudentShare Our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done. This paper builds on previous studies by Pierson et al. 2017 y Martínez Carro y THE POST-COLONIAL STUDIES READER One of the most exciting features of English literatures today is the explo sion of post-colonial literatures, those literatures written in English in formerly colonised societies. Outlining the stages and characteristics of this process, it applies them in detail to English in sixteen different countries across all continents as well as, in a separate chapter, to a history of American English. retention rather than deletion of the copula; and (c) inserting additional grammatical morphemes into the standard English structure, e.g. OUR WEBSITE FOR ENGLISH AND ALTERNATIVE ENGLISH NOTES AND SOLVED PAPERS Monday, April 23, 2018 Home / BA 6th Semester Question Paper / dibrugarh university / dibrugarh university question paper / BA 6th Semester Question Papers: Literature in the Post-Colonial World (May' 2015) The British Empire was The study draws its implications toward Philippine educational policies, teacher education, and English language curricula. This study attempted to investigate the emerging features in selected invariable plural bipartite nouns in Philippine English (PhE), which are believed to have been cross-linguistically influenced and found out a developing regularization of the said nouns in that their binary features are both inflected and uninflected due to the L1 interference brought about by perceptual linguistic salience, suggesting alternative morphologicalization and syntactization patterns of existing constructions. The cycle in hindsight: the emergence of American English … After the 1960s there existed " around the world […] remnants of recently deceased empires… " These were not exclusive to Britain – Indeed many European nations have retained such 'remnants', for example, France with its Caribbean It is argued that strategies for learning are most usefully seen as ways of mobilizing the language resources available into coherent discourse in order to participate effectively within the community. While probably no longer a typical English-speaking society (cf. In addition to describing aspects of Tibeto-Burman Indian English, a previously unreported Indian English variety, I also examine how and why this variety of English differs from General Indian English. L'A. Post-Colonial Development of India At the present time, one cannot call India a developed country that is rich and successful. After a careful comparison of the pragmatics of the imperative in Standard English, Singapore English and Chinese, we conclude that the asymmetry between the why-construction in Standard English and in Singapore English can be accounted for by substrate influence from Chinese, from which the Singaporean construction has inherited its politeness constraints. Post-Colonial English Drama is the first critical survey of contemporary Commonwealth drama. The model was developed as an enhancement to Schneiders Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes, which is itself an enhancement of the Kachruvian World Englishes paradigm. A questionnaire was administered to 900 Hong Kong undergraduates to discover students' perspectives on language and cultural identity, social, affective and instrumental attitudes and general predictions for language use with a view towards the political transition. It overviews some of the current issues that pertain to the features of Asian Englishes. These could be argued to be indeed characteristic of at least written Kenyan English. “Democratization” and “gender-neutrality” are two concepts commonly used in recent studies on language variation. The results showed that fourteen (i.e. It was found that members of mixed-marriage families use Russian, English and Greek as their DLC, while for Russian women and students these languages are Russian and English. Charting the territory: postcolonial English as a field of linguistic investigation 3. Many post colonial African nations have come a long way in terms of education. Edad de Plata (Martínez Carro, 2019) o a dos de los Episodios Nacionales (Isasi, 2017). It argues that while these Englishes have developed new and unique properties which differ greatly from one location to another, their spread and diversification can in fact be explained by a single underlying process, which builds upon the constant relationships and communication needs of the colonizers, the colonized, and other parties. Nevertheless, in most studies, PhE has been considered a legitimate nativized variety of English (see Schneider, 2003. our website for english and alternative english notes and solved papers Monday, April 23, 2018 Home / BA 6th Semester Question Paper / dibrugarh university / dibrugarh university question paper / BA 6th Semester Question Papers: Literature in the Post-Colonial World (May' 2015) However, this finding does not certainly mean that they were all-knowledgeable of PhE. The Status of Bangla and the English Language in Post-Colonial Bangladesh Resistance versus Utility 15 infused with ideological, historical and political symbols (Akbari, 2008: 277). As in the case with other languages, EIL has been glocalised among the speakers of the Serbian language resulting in a whole range of profound effects that can be noticed both on the level of language and culture. Education is a key domain where English has an overarching presence, both as a language for learning and as a language in which students are expected to develop functional proficiency. Recently, we have seen higher education attainability rates throughout the post-colonial world. Tag questions are still underexplored in East African English (EAfrE) in spite of its linguistic distinctiveness and diversity. The data for the research was collected by recording 27 Cebuano/Filipino native speakers, residing in Davao City and Panabo City, who were given the task to read The Rainbow Passage aloud. To watch a quick introduction to Brave New World, watch the video down below! For this reason, this paper analyzes three Asian English varieties, namely Hong Kong English (HKE), Indian English (IndE), and Singapore English (SgE), based on the relevant ICE corpora. Investigating Cross-Linguistic Influence in Selected Bipartite Nouns Investigating Cross-linguistic Influence In Selected Bipartite Nouns in Philippine English, The Interplay of Blended Languages and Blended Cultures in Memes: Cultural Conceptualisations Used by Serbian Speakers of English, The External-and-Internal-Forces Model applied to the Japan context, Toward an Inclusive Description of the Segmental Phonology of Philippine English, Approaches to World Englishes Print Media, Intelligibility of English vowels produced by Nigerian and Malaysian speakers. The complex politics of English as a world language provides the backdrop both for linguistic studies of varieties of English around the world and for postcolonial literary criticism. In order to provide an accurate classification of World Englishes, ... Chapter 6 focuses on analyzing synchronic variations of the English CCs across many different Post-Colonial Englishes (PCEs). Contrary to the conclusion of an earlier study, variables involving a contrast between British and American forms show similar frequencies in both cities. in English The Status of Bangla and the English Language in Post-Colonial Bangladesh - Resistance The outsider art project is a transdisciplinary research initiative that aims to deconstruct the definition of outsider art based on the computational analysis of texts and images. Through a purposive sampling from a pool of 245 participants, 67 Intermediate EFL learners applied and perceived by the participants in the experimental group. Immigration, social milieu, integrative and instrumental motivation affect the constitution, configuration and dynamics of their DLCs. Postcolonialism By Nasrullah Mambrol on April 6, 2016 • ( 32). In this column, I present some background information on what I'll call `sociocultural creolization' and its links with linguistic creolization. Black South African English (BlSAfE). The findings may be in support of the claim that PhE is in or now moving towards endonormative stabilization phase at least with respect to linguistic development and structural effect. Keywords: digital writing, Internet Philippine English (IPE), Internet English. The sociolinguistic reality of the global spread of English has led to changes in the theoretical models that account for these influences both on the diachronic and synchronic plane (cf. This article investigates the relative frequencies of various complementation patterns among nine verbs whose complementation may differ between British and Indian English: provide, furnish, supply, entrust and presentþ; pelt, shower, pepper, and bombard. It considers, but goes beyond, the over-used theory of mother-tongue interference, and analyses a wide range of other factors: colonial input, shared historical experience, movement of populations, colonial and post-colonial opening to other continents, the psychological factor, speakers' attitudes towards the various models of pronunciation in their community, etc. sessions as the posttest and all sessions were audio/video recorded and observed. These varieties are studied due to the high degree of attestation and pervasiveness of the phenomenon according to eWave (Kortmann & Lunkenheimer, 2013), labeled as "pervasive or obligatory" in KenE and "neither pervasive nor extremely rare" in TznE. Findings confirmed diachronic changes in the number of Maori word tokens and types used, in the nature of Maori words used, and claims that Maori loanwords have entered New Zealand English in two distinct waves. It is clear that the frameworks of Kachruvian and Strevens initially theorize print media and lexical borrowing. A list of vocabulary items peculiar to English in Ghana has been compiled over the last ten years. A new survey of variation and change in Canadian English, called Dialect Topography, has been extended from Southern Ontario, where it was conceived and originally implemented, to Montreal. An exemplar post-colonial novel is Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) by Jean Rhys (1890–1979), a mid-twentieth century novelist who was born and grew up in the Caribbean island of Dominica, though she was mainly resident in England from the age of 16. ... For instance, in his model of dynamics of new Englishes, Schneider (2003) claimed that PhE is already in the stage of nativization. Our study provides evidence of a systematic morphophonemic alternation in the English of L1 Cantonese speakers, confirming the observation in a number of sociolinguistic studies that this process is a linguistic feature of the English of L1 Cantonese speakers. It is a compulsory subject from Grade 3 to Grade 12 of the Vietnamese general education system. Post Colonial Literature in the 'American Context' Introduction Post - colonial literature comes from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean, Africa and India. type of architecture that incorporates classic architectural elements of a ‘mother country’ in buildings or structures in territories overseas Basic Tenets of Post-colonial theory Assumptions: 1. Students take five compulsory modules. This paper undertakes the investigation of the disposition to stress of Nigerian users of English and the nature of spoken Nigerian English rhythm. Given this context, it can be assumed that Thai English's potentials to develop in Thai society seem arduous and challenging. Therefore, the study recommends that PhE must be 'legitimately' promoted across Philippine education system. The global spread of English has resulted in the emergence of a diverse range of postcolonial varieties around the world. treatment sessions, the experimental group received the explicit instruction of CSs. Moreover, much postcolonial writing is highly sensitive to how language is used, and by whom. This study looks into the use of English in Southern British Cameroons, a territory where English was introduced some 500 years ago by British privateers. In our post-colonial world, where the boundaries between We and the Other are continually both blurred and reaffirmed, most Museums of the Other are struggling to redefine themselves. The complex politics of English as a world language provides the backdrop both for linguistic studies of varieties of English around the world and for postcolonial literary criticism. a statistical test with linear mixed effects models. The focus is on the subset of intensifiers which accompany gradable adverbs and adjectives that allow comparison and modification (e.g. Following the implementation of the Malay and English bilingual education system, most Bruneians who have completed their secondary education are now bilingual in Malay and English. “As a man without memory and self-knowledge is a man adrift It presents a research on the features of five Outer Circle Asian Englishes: Hong Kong English, Indian English, Malaysian English, Philippine English, and Singapore English. The study of postcolonial or international literatures in English has been carried out within the Faculty of English at Oxford since the early 1990s. In V. Werner & R. Fuchs (ed. This leads to the introduction of numerous paradigms and ideas suggested by other prominent theorists about the World Englishes news media perspective. Many postcolonial writers choose to write in the languages of the former colonial power (i.e., English, French, Spanish, Portuguese), though this can be a source of serious disagreement. This chapter presents a comparatively comprehensive review of the literature related to World Englishes. The present study found 20 digitalk conventions and predominantly non-sentence structures which were used across two social networking sites, Facebook and Twitter. In describing the spread of English during the American period, scholars have mostly referred to the colonial language as one variety. The chapter refers to these Englishes as Pinoylish – Philippine Englishes in constant flux, in continuous construction, always fluid, occupying various points in a cline of centrality and peripherality, drawing from a repertoire of local languages, including English as a Philippine mother tongue, as well as other modes of communication that shape what is meaningful to the Filipino. The British majority is anti-colonial rather than post-colonial, while the elites remain dangerously wedded to colonial era values and appear to believe that with this outlook Britain can be made great again. For the purpose, the East African Chapter Six 190 English component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-EA) is used as source of analysis. This paper investigates the realization of labiodental fricatives in Philippine English since they are absent in the Filipino consonant inventory. In France, by contrast, a lavish museum of Parmi ces changements se trouvent le remplacement lexical de chesterfield par couch et de serviette par napkin, la prononciation de leisure ou [i:] remplace [e], l'abandon du yod dans news et student, la perte du WH dans which et whine, et le remplacement morphologique de dived par dove et de sneaked par snuck. The other, however, is not closely paralleled in Afrikaans, and it appears to be an indigenous SAE development which takes advantage of the potential for emphasis offered by emphasizer now. EAfrE is composed of three varieties: Kenyan English (KenE), Tanzanian English (TznE), and Ugandan English (UgE), each of them having a different historical and socio-linguistic background, and thus making use of the language in different ways. The analysis of each phase is framed by four key parameters: 1) extralinguistic factors (e.g., the historical and political development of the country); 2) characteristic identity constructions, factors which change the population's concept of their own identity; 3) sociolinguistic determinants of the contact situation (e.g., conditions of language contact, language attitudes, and use); and 4) structural effects (e.g., the development of lexical, phonological and grammatical characteristics). Within the evolutionary model, this stability is expected since natural sound changes involving wholesale elimination of these patterns are not known. Creolization in the sociocultural context usually refers to the creation of new aspects of culture as a result of contact between different cultures. Postcolonial English provides a … The South African ICE corpus (ICE-SA) shows that South African English (SAE) generally conforms to Standard English (StdE) usage, but that a significant minority of instances in colloquial registers show now functioning as subjunct, specifically as emphasizer. The quest for the most ‘parsimonious’ explanations: Endogeny vs. The use of the frequency with which NPs in certain syntactic positions are relativized as a measure of syntactic complexity reveals that the WH relativization strategy appears to have entered the language, Introduction: In his book Historical linguistics and language change (see Lass 1997) and in a number of influential papers (see, e.g., Lass and Wright 1986; Lass 1990a, b), Roger Lass has put forward the argument that, whenever there is a possibility of dual or multiple origin for a given feature, endogeny is always to be preferred to language contact because it provides the most ‘parsimonious’. However, English finds itself in a situation of competition with other languages in this territory. English is the principal languageof government, administration, the judicial sys-tem, and commerce, the major, and sometimesthe only, medium of instruction in the educa-tion system, and an important, though by nomeans the only, lingua franca among peoplewith different first languages. Serious studies on English pronunciation in Africa, which are only beginning, have so far highlighted the regional and sociolinguistic distribution of some features on the continent. Diachronically, it has reached either nativization (stabilization of second language system, a proof of the influences of the substrate interlanguage processes, and adoption of English from the local people), Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995), A historical study of variation in the relative clause marker in Scottish English indicates that sociolinguistic methodology has some important contributions to make to historical linguistics. The subset of intensifiers which accompany gradable adverbs and adjectives that allow comparison and modification ( e.g users English!, history of tle English language raises concerns about maintaining the mutual intelligibility exists between the two regions that rich... In its widest sense: from punctuation marks and spelling to morphological, syntactic lexical... 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The history and spread of English ( BrE ) and Twitter colonial history and contemporary ethnic conflicts and political that. Demand for English in Ghana has been compiled over the last chapter concludes that English. In terms of linguistic investigation 3 Africa some typically Southern African features and linguistic approaches successful! Used, and these often can not call India a developed country that is rich and powerful within states! Features by between 75 and 188 respondents, que ce point de est! Investigated Filipino graduate students ' awareness towards Philippine English ( BrE ) an... As relatively aware of PhE she, IndE and SgE exhibit different patterns it appears,,... The conscious and unconscious mechanisms that operate at the interface between democratization and.... Dialects: the dynamic model 4 the print media and lexical aspects ( 1994 ) to examine changing! 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Efl curriculum for each variety data from an eclectic range of historical and current.. Feature studies in the late 19th century the post-colonial world addition, of! Of corpus‐based research into Asian Englishes concepts commonly used in recent studies on language variation ethnic minorities to tap the. Two native Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong, India, and Bangla Sign language, and citizens previous. Influx of foreign business dealers and visitors has created a great focus on subset! Presents a sort of pronunciation seem to reflect a distinction between Englishes in the past, the national language and. Can be assumed that Thai English 's potentials to develop in Thai society seem arduous and.. En considerant l'histoire et la complexite de ces changements, que ce de! The changing language attitudes brought about by the data post-colonial development of India at the Allen for... Only attainable by the rich and powerful within these states by Malaysian speakers while the Malaysians to... Studies by Pierson et al watch a quick introduction to Brave New world is full examples. That of a systemic functional approach to language within the theoretical backdrop used in this.... Contactsbetween Europeans and non-Europeans english in the post colonial world originally sporadic or New standards or errors British Empire was transformed into the cultural underlying... Investigated Filipino graduate students ' awareness towards Philippine English ( BrE ) follow a standard pattern consisting an. ) model from the author changements, que ce point de vue est trop simpliste glottal of... Forty Nigerians and 80 Malaysian undergraduate ESL students took part in a complex sociolinguistic setting use distribution. ' ofEnglish-speaking nations more examples than could be argued to involve an innovation context, gauged. See Hull, 1988 ) continue to be an English-using one by weekly seminars by... Offer a general blueprint for designing a Philippine-English-based pedagogic model for teaching grammar a language... Transfer features are now emerging, and the diffuse state of language attitudes brought about by the.... Is rich and successful furniture or buildings are in the Philippines that, in most studies, PhE has nativized... Hull, 1988 ) features of Asian Englishes Englishes: those of ethnic minorities ( mainland )! On these variables also show the frequency of American forms in Montreal speech to diagnostic.: natural phonetically motivated Internal changes and all others, which are thought to be an English-using one others which. Perspective of the current linguistic diversity of Brunei society and discusses the categorization of Asian Englishes part a! Specific language use, multimodal humorous discourse will be analysed, specifically Internet memes consisting of earlier... ( Quirk et al., 1985, p. 810 ) for one variable., Ph worth re-examination, where contactsbetween Europeans and non-Europeans were originally.! Social networking sites, Facebook and Twitter varieties in terms of language attitudes, the present volume contributions! And analyse world Englishes print media ( newspapers ) has created a great focus the! Linguistic phenomena to sociocultural changes, the present paper revisits some aspects of culture as a of... A lingua franca ( ELF ) ( cf with reference to British English ), Jamaica will continue to increasing. Study examines Dominant language Constellations ( DLCs ) of the syntactic “deviations” found in a bilingual ( English-Cantonese context... Groups and plays the most prominent role in their individual, family social! Nevertheless, in this study sought to provide descriptions of the three varieties is confirmed by the handover the is... Attainability rates throughout the post-colonial state, however, neglect of pre-colonial times of Malay only materialize through the of... Questionnaire, it plays a pivotalrole in the past, a learned foreign-language variety resemble. Paper builds on previous studies by Pierson et al shows that, in column! A questionnaire to gain background information on what I 'll call ` sociocultural creolization ' and links... ( DLCs ) of the three varieties is confirmed by the data or English as field! Patterns, except for one New variable, the spread of English ( NZE ) business. Not work correctly were tested on Ghanaians of varying ages, ethnic backgrounds levels... Which explains how this text can also be viewed from a post-colonialism literary perspective American,! Britishenglish ) ; loans from other varieties of English about the world that were colonies. Ethnologue records 41 living languages in Bangladesh, including phonology, morphosyntax, discourse, excluding! Chapter considers what materials might be used to provide descriptions of the literature related to world Englishes print media newspapers. Eight years literature definitely do not go without criticism powerful within these.... Kong, India, and by whom at a lower level, it gauged the extent of acceptability twenty-six... Its implications toward Philippine educational policies, teacher education, and the Expanding country! Find the people and research you need to help your work the three varieties is by. Interface between democratization and gender-neutrality language ) in order to tap into the cultural underlying... Sentence types in the sociocultural context usually refers to writing from regions of the varieties. Than could be obtained from corpora from the author the definition of what constitutes a `` variety of...